The Anti-Ballistic-Missile Treaty of 1972 (ABM Treaty) limits the number of defensive antiballistic missile (ABM) systems that the United States and the former Soviet Union can use in preparation for nuclear war (23 UST 3435: TIAS 7503; 944 UNTS 13, U.S. Department of State, Treaties in Force, 1993). Restrictions on ballistic missile defenses (BMDs), military warning systems designed to alert and protect a nation, compose the bulk of the treaty's articles. The treaty limited each country's supply of remote-controlled, long-range nuclear rockets, or intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). Although the ABM agreement still stood between the United States and Russia following the breakup of the Soviet Union, it was unclear which of the rest of the former Soviet republics would continue to adhere to it.
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An entire overthrow or destruction of a suit so that it is quashed and ended.
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The destruction, annihilation, abrogation, or extinguishment of anything, but especially things of a permanent nature—such as institutions, usages, or customs, as in the abolition of slavery.
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The destruction or annulling of a former law by an act of the legislative power, by constitutional authority, or by usage. It stands opposed to rogation; and is distinguished from derogation, which implies the taking away of only some part of a law; from subrogation, which denotes the substitution of a clause; from dispensation, which only sets it aside in a particular instance; and from antiquation, which is the refusing to pass a law.
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One of the major efforts to preserve international peace and security in the twentieth century has been to control or limit the number of weapons and the ways in which weapons can be used. Two different means to achieve this goal have been disarmament and arms control. Disarmament is the reduction of the number of weapons and troops maintained by a state. Arms control refers to treaties made between potential adversaries that reduce the likelihood and scope of war, usually imposing limitations on military capability. Although disarmament always involves the reduction of military forces or weapons, arms control does not. In fact, arms control agreements sometimes allow for the increase of weapons by one or more parties to a treaty.
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The Framers of the Constitution acknowledged the importance of the arts when they wrote that Congress shall have the power "[t]o promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries" (Art. I, § 8). Despite this provision, or perhaps because of its very limited nature, the federal government offered little assistance to artists until the 1930s. Early unsuccessful attempts to aid the arts included an effort by President James Buchanan to establish the National Commission of Fine Arts, a project that failed within a year when Congress did not appropriate funds. President Theodore Roosevelt also encountered a reluctant Congress in 1909 when he proposed the Council of Fine Arts, but success came the next year when a new president, William Howard Taft, persuaded Congress to create the National Commission of Fine Arts.
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No invention has so transformed the landscape of the United States of America as the automobile, and no other country has so thoroughly adopted the automobile as its favored means of transportation. Automobiles are used both for pleasure and for commerce and are typically the most valuable type of personal property owned by U.S. citizens. Because autos are expensive to acquire and maintain, heavily taxed, favorite targets of thieves, a major cause of air and noise pollution, and capable of causing tremendous personal injuries and property damage, the body of law surrounding them is quite large. Automobile law covers the four general phases in the life cycle of an automobile: its manufacture, sale, operation, and disposal.
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Air pollution has plagued communities since the industrial revolution and even before. Airborne pollutants, such as gases, chemicals, smoke particles, and other substances, reduce the value of and ability to enjoy affected property and cause significant health and environmental problems. Despite the long history and significant consequences of this problem, effective legal remedies are relatively recent. Though some cities adopted air quality laws as early as 1815, air pollution at that time was seen as a problem best handled by local laws and ordinances. Only as the United States' cities continued to grow, and pollution and health concerns with them, did federal standards and a nationwide approach to air quality begin to emerge.
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A serious or fatal accident. A person or thing injured, lost, or destroyed. A disastrous occurrence due to sudden, unexpected, or unusual cause. Accident; misfortune or mishap; that which comes by chance or without design. A loss from such an event or cause, as by fire, shipwreck, lightning, etc.
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The theory espousing a societal state in which there is no structured government or law or in which there is resistance to all current forms of government.
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Areas that are set aside by public authority or private persons for the burial of the dead.
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A photocopy of a docu- ment, judgment, or record that is signed and attested to as an accurate and a complete reproduction of the original document by a public official in whose custody the original has been placed for safekeeping.
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The clear-and-present-danger doctrine is a freedom of speech doctrine first announced by the U.S. Supreme Court in Schenck v. United States, 249 U.S. 47, 39 S. Ct. 247, 63 L. Ed. 470 (1919), during a controversial period in U.S. history when the First Amendment often clashed with the government's interest in maintaining order and morale during wartime. Various formulations of the doctrine have appeared in other significant Supreme Court decisions throughout the years.
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The adjournment or post- ponement of anaction pending in a court to a later date of the same or another session of the court, granted by a court in response to a motion made by a party to a lawsuit. The entry into the trial record of the adjournment of a case for the purpose of formally evidencing it.
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Agreements between two or more persons that create an obligation to do, or refrain from doing, a particular thing.
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